WiO Creamy Peanut Butter
Six men. 160 grams of peanut butter a day. Two weeks on each.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, published in 2020.
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Study at a glance
Published in 2020. The full citation and DOI are on this page.
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Randomized. Double-blind. Crossover.
Each man ate both peanut butters, two weeks each, in random order: a regular peanut butter (the placebo) and the modified peanut butter being tested. Four weeks separated the two. The trial was double-blind.
01
Recruit
Six healthy, non-obese men, aged 25 to 35. A breathing test at rest (a metabolic cart) measured each man's usual daily calorie needs.
02
First two weeks
Their usual daily calories, plus 160 g of one of the two peanut butters a day, in five servings. The researchers supervised the peanut butter servings.
03
Four-week break
Four weeks off the study plan before switching.
04
Second two weeks
The same plan with the other peanut butter: usual daily calories plus 160 g a day, in five servings.
05
Measure and compare
A DXA body scan and a resting metabolic rate test, after an overnight fast, at the start and end of each two weeks. The men logged what they ate three days a week. Each man's results on one peanut butter were compared with his own results on the other.
Researchers: Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, FL
Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover
Participants: 6 healthy, non-obese men, aged 25 to 35
Duration: 2 weeks per arm, 4 weeks apart
Funding: AD-TPS Ltd. (as disclosed in the paper)
Published: IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science, 2020
Six men is a small study, and the paper calls it a pilot trial. See the full reference list.
What the study measured.
The study measured body composition with a DXA scan, plus resting metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio, both from a breathing test at rest. Each was taken at the start and end of both two-week arms. The men were asked to eat to their usual calorie needs and logged their food three days a week. Only the peanut butter servings were supervised.
The full paper, with its results, is linked below. This page describes how the study was run.
Questions about the study.
Was the sample size big enough?
It's small, and we say so plainly. Six men is a small sample, and the paper calls it a pilot trial. Each man tried both peanut butters, so his results were compared with his own. That design is useful, but it does not make a small study big.
Was the study published?
Yes. It was published in 2020 in the IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science. The researchers were at the Applied Science and Performance Institute in Tampa, Florida. The paper says the study was funded by AD-TPS Ltd. The full citation and DOI are below.
How soon will I see results?
The study tested two weeks of deliberate overfeeding, which is not how most people eat day to day. WiO is a food you swap in, not a program with a timeline. We do not make promises about specific outcomes.
Where can I read the full study?
The full citation is below, with a link to the paper through its DOI. The other research we cite is listed there too, each with a link to its publisher.
Which WiO product should I start with?
If you're here for peanut butter, start with Creamy or Chocolate, above. Buy a jar once, or subscribe and save 10% on every delivery.
Read the paper.
The study
Sharp M, Stefan M, Wilson J, Reber D, Gheith R, Ottinger C, Lowery R. (2020). The effects of two weeks of overfeeding with peanut butter modified with cyclodextrins on body composition and metabolism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, pilot trial. IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science. 3(2):31–34. DOI: 10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2020.007
Researchers: Applied Science and Performance Institute, Tampa, FL. Funding: AD-TPS Ltd., as disclosed in the paper. How the study was run is summarized above.
Other published research we cite
One of these studies was in rats. Each links to its publisher.
- Buckley JD, Thorp AA, Murphy KJ, Howe PR. (2006). Dose-dependent inhibition of the post-prandial glycaemic response to a standard carbohydrate meal following incorporation of alpha-cyclodextrin. Ann Nutr Metab. 50(2):108–114. DOI: 10.1159/000090498
- Comerford KB, Artiss JD, Jen KL, Karakas SE. (2011). Beneficial effects of alpha-cyclodextrin on blood lipids and weight in healthy humans. Obesity (Silver Spring). 19(6):1200–1204. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.280
- Gallaher DD, Gallaher CM, Plank DW. (2007). Alpha-cyclodextrin selectively increases fecal excretion of saturated fats. FASEB J. 21(5):A730. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.A730
- Jarosz PA, Fletcher E, Elserafy E, Artiss JD, Jen KL. (2013). Effect of alpha-cyclodextrin on postprandial lipid and glycemic responses to a fat-containing meal. Metabolism. 62(10):1443–1447. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.015
- Artiss JD, Brogan K, Brucal M, Moghaddam M, Jen KL. (2006). Effects of a new soluble dietary fiber on weight gain and selected blood parameters in rats. Metabolism. 55(2):195–202. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.08.012
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